Salesman David Cameron makes up to China

Britain and Western European nations are moving towards a phase in their histories where all remnants of the ‘civilizing mission’ in their foreign policies are being wiped out by the hard realities of economic decline.

By Sreeram Chaulia

After straining relations with China by meeting exiled Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama in May 2012, UK Prime Minister David Cameron effected a volte-face this week on an unabashed commercial visit that kept sensitive human rights issues at bay.
Gone is the defiance from Downing Street, which had previously rebutted Chinese demands for an apology after Cameron met the Dalai Lama by asserting that British leaders have the sovereign right to“decide who they meet and when they meet them.” 

Instead of that nonchalance and combative tone, the latest sheepish message from the UK government on the eve of Cameron’s business-centric three-day trip to China was that he had “no plans to meet Tibet’s spiritual leader again".

Correcting errors
The cost of offending China in terms of lost economic opportunities to Britain stared hard and cold at Cameron as he made this about-turn. 

Given that Cameron’s Conservative Party is a big champion of British private sector interests, there must have been immense pressure on him to discard the Dalai Lama and all the high moral ground that Britain and other Western powers occupy while dealing with authoritarian regimes.
The Chinese government had signaled last year that Cameron must “correct the error” about the Dalai Lama or pay a heavy price. 

Amidst rumors that the British premier had been “banned” from entering China, his originally scheduled tour of the country in late 2012 was postponed. 

Between that diplomatic setback and the latest warm reception Cameron got in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu, the United Kingdom underwent a major course correction.
However much the British government denies it is jettisoning its advocacy on behalf of self-determination and human rights of Tibetans in China, the absolute silence Cameron has maintained on issues that might irk his hosts in Beijing shows that the UK has decided it can no longer afford to press for ideals in its foreign policy.
When faced with a cold shoulder from a China that Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg acknowledges to be “the great economic superpower of today,” the UK felt that politics of the soul matter less than that of the stomach.

Exports as panacea
Though there is fresh market chatter about a rebound of the British economy from the crisis that began in 2008, Cameron’s austerity and business-friendly policies have undoubtedly worsened the plight and delayed a sound recovery. 

With a domestic macroeconomic policy aimed at hurting the poor and succoring the financial oligarchs in the City of London, revving up consumer spending and confidence has been a Sisyphean task for the British government. 

Hence the onus being placed by Cameron on energetically tapping into the two biggest export markets in the world— China and India.
Both the frequency of high-level engagements with China and India, and the composition of delegations that accompany British leaders when they woo these Asian powerhouses suggest that the UK is banking on them in particular to reach Cameron’s target of achieving exports worth 1 trillion pounds (US$1.64 trillion) a year by the end of the decade.
This week, Cameron brought in tow with what the BBC termed as the “largest UK trade delegation ever to visit China,” with executives of giant banking, pharmaceuticals and energy companies leading the retinue to try and prize open doors for their goods and services to reach the Chinese consumer.

Banking on Chinese reforms
Even as the UK itself is struggling to reorient from an over-financialized economy back to a manufacturing-based one, Cameron and the bevy of businesspersons who traveled with him to China have placed high hopes on an ambitious structural overhaul of the Chinese economy that is being attempted by President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang.
The timing of Cameron’s trip would have been helpful to test how deep the economic opportunity lies, following the recent Third Plenum of the 18th Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee and its promise to undertake “comprehensive and far-reaching reforms.”
Western observers are salivating at the prospect of greater market-based incentives and freedoms being permitted by the CCP. 

Despite being a darling of Western investors, China has not been viewed as a level playing field for foreign players due to the inherent systemic privileges and protections enjoyed by its state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
If the Chinese leadership successfully runs the gauntlet of reforming its economy away from over-dependence on exports and investment and towards consumption by the growing middle classes, Western countries like Britain will smell a chance of a generation of breaking through and cashing in.

Beggars can’t be choosers

In Shanghai, the British Prime Minister defended his drug manufacturing colossus, GlaxoSmithKline, as “a very important, very decent and strong British business”. 

Such comments flew against ongoing high profile prosecution by Chinese authorities of this company for engaging in bribery in the healthcare sector.

Glaxo’s honchos were quoted in The Financial Times that they “hope Mr. Cameron’s intervention will help bolster their case” with the Chinese government. 

But with the CCP leadership intent on teaching a lesson to Western companies that are alleged to be cheating and overcharging Chinese consumers, the pressure will be on Britain to ensure that its corporations behave ethically in a country where foreign businesses are forever under the scanner for misdeeds.
These days, one does not hear British politicians complaining in the usual Western tone of contempt and frustration about the difficulties and obstacles posed to their companies in China’s regulatory snake pit. 

The bilateral relationship is now so asymmetrical in Chinese favor that everything and anything a British Prime Minister says in China is measured by the yardstick of whether it might upset the hosts and ruin the dreams of British companies. 

Presumably, if a Labour Party government were ruling the UK today, it would not have been as amenable to the lobbying interests of British corporations that desperately want a larger share of the Chinese pie.
As the old adage ‘beggars can’t be choosers’ aptly sums it up, an economically struggling UK has lost the leverage to try and hold China to account either on human rights or on the ambience for doing business. Cameron reckons that he might as well shut up, appease the Chinese and get on with bagging whatever economic deals they find it beneficial to grant.
Even a hitherto taboo area like Chinese companies acquiring majority stakes in Britain’s nuclear power plants, which fall under the category of critical national security infrastructure, is now up for grabs. 

Cameron really means it when he proudly proclaims, “no country in the world is more open to Chinese investment than the UK.”

Realist turn of declining powers
It is not unsurprising to see the UK abandoning the human rights and democracy-promotion components of its foreign policy towards China in order to satiate the hunger of British corporations. 

The precedent of British Petroleum (BP) influencing the decision to release the convicted Lockerbie bombing perpetrator, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, in 2009 and send him back to Libya is an open secret.
Britain and Western European nations are moving towards a phase in their histories where all remnants of the ‘civilizing mission’ and the ‘white man’s burden’ in their foreign policies are being wiped out by the hard realities of economic decline.

Salesman David Cameron walks along the Bund with Lisa Pan, vice president of Chinese mobile gaming company Rekoo, in Shanghai December 3, 2013. 

Throughout the Cold War and even after it, Western European powers have embraced and worked with authoritarian regimes even as they put on a grand charade of promoting human rights. 

Now, ground down by a long economic depression, the preaching content in their foreign policies is losing its decibels.
The economic realism which Cameron displayed by promising to “respect” and “understand” China is a sign that the much-touted civilizational values-based leadership of Western Europe has met its nemesis at the hands of a new multipolar world order. 

The rise of China, and of other emerging economies like the BRICS formation, is setting a limit to Western liberalism and forcing a more hybrid international normative environment in which self-interest is speaking louder than altruistic universal principles.

Gateway to Europe or getaway?
One of the carrots the British Prime Minister has dangled on his China visit is that he would deploy his“full political weight” behind a proposed comprehensive China-European Union Free Trade Agreement. 

He even critiqued fellow EU members who “want to shut China off behind a bamboo curtain of trade barriers.” 

This was a jibe at France, Italy, Spain and a few Eastern European countries that are directly competing with Chinese state-subsidized manufacturers.
Cameron’s positioning of Britain as a more “complementary” economy with China, compared to some of its European peers, may be factually correct. 

But it further enables Beijing to divide the EU right down the middle as it did recently in the case of tariffs on Chinese solar panel imports. 

With Germany and Britain seemingly more complaisant towards China, while other European industrial exporting nations are less sanguine about Chinese predatory export policies, the idea that the UK can be a gateway for Chinese businesses to the rest of the European common market is not persuasive.
Right wing political pressures within the UK for a ‘Brixit’, or exit of Britain from the EU, and the heat Cameron’s Conservative Party is facing from the anti-EU UK Independence Party, render his ‘full political weight’ in the EU unappealing to China. 

Cameron’s pledge of a referendum on Britain’s membership of the EU if he gets re-elected in 2015 has lost Britain a lot of its attraction in economic terms globally, from the United States all the way to China and India.

Age of salesmanship
Eleanor Byrne-Rosengren, a critic of Cameron’s abandonment of the Tibetan cause, has caustically described him as a “salesman” rather than a “statesman.” 

Why should we even expect a middle power that is predicted to be pushed out of the ranks of the top 10 economies of the world in the near future to exude statesmanship?
The empire on which the sun never set is long gone. 

The idealistic bullhorn which was used for partisan purposes on rival states has now been cast aside. Cameron has brought Britain down from its historic pedestal of moral self-importance to bow to reality.

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Former Top Aide Warns China Not To Interfere With Spanish Court

By Xin Lin

A former top ruling Chinese Communist Party aide has warned Beijing not to interfere with the proceedings of a Spanish court, which recently named former Chinese leaders as suspects in a human rights abuse case involving a Spanish national of Tibetan descent.
Former Chinese president Jiang Zemin and former premier Li Peng could face arrest when traveling overseas after the court named them, along with three other former top officials, as suspects in a human rights case brought in 2006 by two Tibetan campaign groups and a Tibetan monk with Spanish nationality.
Under Spanish law, suspects can be tried for human rights abuses committed in other countries, if a Spanish national is named as a victim.
The officials are accused of human rights abuses in the Himalayan region. 

The same court last month indicted former president Hu Jintao for genocide in Tibet.
Arrest warrants will now be issued, which could result in the former leaders’ arrest in certain countries.
Former top party aide Bao Tong, who has been under house arrest in Beijing since serving a seven-year jail term in the wake of the 1989 student-led pro-democracy movement, warned Beijing not to overstep its sovereignty.
“I think that the way in which a Spanish court handles cases is an internal matter for Spain, and we shouldn’t interfere,” Bao said, in a reference to Beijing’s insistence on the principle of non-interference in the domestic affairs of other nations, a core tenet of its foreign policy.
“If other people are making it up, then why don’t you make the facts public? That’s the only way to deal with people concocting stories.”
“The word ‘fabrication’ by itself isn’t going to make things clearer,” said Bao, who is a vocal advocate of political reform for the Communist Party.

International attention
Chinese officials said this week that they had sought clarification directly from the Spanish government, but hit out at the idea of arrest warrants on former leaders for human rights abuses.
China expressed “strong dissatisfaction and resolute opposition” to the Tibetan support groups in Spain for “repeatedly manipulating the issue,” foreign ministry spokesman Hong Lei told a regular news briefing in Beijing on Thursday.
Buddhist monk Thubten Wangchen, a Spanish national of Tibetan origin, has said that the aim of the lawsuit is to focus international attention on the suffering of Tibetans under Chinese rule, rather than to arrest any particular individual.
Beijing-based rights lawyer Mo Shaoping said those who perpetrate crimes against humanity, including genocide, should be pursued through the international justice system.
“The crime of genocide is a crime against universal values that should be pursued internationally if it can’t be pursued in the country in which it occurred,” Mo said.
“It doesn’t matter whether [the suspects] were in charge at the time; if their actions amounted to crimes against universal values, then this is totally in keeping with a legal stance, if international courts pursue it,” he said.
In 1998, former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet was arrested in London after a warrant was issued by former Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzon.

Beijing dare
Top Chinese adviser Zhu Weiqun, who heads the ethnic and religious affairs committee of China’s top advisory body to parliament, said the case was absurd.
In comments published by Chinese state media on Tuesday before the ruling, Zhu warned that “enormous embarrassment” would follow any attempt to pursue the case against former Chinese leaders.
“Go ahead if you dare,” Zhu said.
Exiled Tibetan groups are campaigning for the return of the Dalai Lama and self-rule for their region.
Demonstrations and protests challenging Beijing’s rule have continued in Tibetan-populated areas of China since widespread protests swept the region in 2008.
A total of 123 Tibetans in China have set themselves ablaze in self-immolation protests calling for Tibetan freedom, with another six setting fire to themselves in India and Nepal.

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Court ruling on Tibet raises concerns over Spain-China relations

Five former Chinese leaders now face the risk of detention should they travel to Spain or to countries that recognise Spanish arrest orders. 

By Tobias Buck in Madrid and Simon Rabinovitch in Shanghai

The Spanish National Court (Spain's National Court) has issued a warrant for the arrest of Jiang Zemin and four accomplices, suspected in the genocide of the population of Tibet.

The Dirty Five: Wanted Chinese leaders

There is rising concern in Spain over a diplomatic and economic backlash from China, after a criminal court in Madrid called for the arrest of five former Chinese leaders for their role in crimes of genocide in Tibet.
The ruling, handed down last week, is aimed at Jiang Zemin, the former Chinese president, Li Peng, the former prime minister, and three other high-ranking ex-officials. 

The men are said to have held “political or military responsibility” in periods when the Chinese authorities have committed human rights abuses against the Tibetan population.
All five now face the risk of detention should they travel to Spain or to countries that recognise Spanish arrest orders. 

However, former Chinese top officials almost never travel abroad, which means it is highly unlikely that the five former officials will ever appear in court in Madrid.
Beijing reacted angrily to the move all the same, denouncing the Tibetan support groups in Spain that initiated the case. 

The Chinese authorities called in the Spanish ambassador last Thursday to convey their displeasure, a message that was repeated at a meeting between Chinese diplomats and Spanish government officials in Madrid last week.
Hong Lei, China’s foreign ministry spokesman, said Beijing had sought clarification from Spain about the ruling. 

He added that China expressed “strong dissatisfaction and resolute opposition” to Tibetan activist groups in Spain for “repeatedly manipulating the issue”.
José Manuel García Margallo, the foreign minister, has insisted publicly that Madrid has no desire to interfere in the country’s judicial process. 

But Spanish diplomats made clear the government is seriously concerned about the impact the spat could have on the country’s normally trouble-free relationship with a key trading partner.
“This is a very complicated situation,” one Spanish diplomat said.
Analysts said the diplomatic rift came at a particularly awkward time for Spain, which is hoping to deepen its economic relationship with China in the midst of a fragile economic recovery.
“Spain is trying to attract Chinese investment and big Spanish companies are trying to establish a foothold in China,” said Charles Powell, the director of the Real Instituto Elcano, a Madrid-based think-tank. 

“Given that the Chinese authorities have a major say in who wins contracts and who doesn’t Spain obviously fears that the Chinese authorities will not take kindly to this initiative [by the court].”
The criminal complaint that started the case was filed by a Tibetan group seven years ago. 

It made use of Spain’s relatively broad universal jurisdiction provisions, which allow judges to pursue criminal cases even if they took place outside Spain.
There was next to no coverage of the arrest orders or Mr Hong’s response in Chinese state media, suggesting that Beijing is itself trying to contain fallout by limiting public discussion.
Speaking before the arrest orders, Zhu Weiqun, head of the religious affairs committee in the Chinese parliament’s advisory body, angrily denounced foreign courts for accepting such cases.

“If a country’s courts accept these cases, all it is doing is inviting enormous embarrassment for itself,” he said. “Go ahead if you dare.”

Spain´s universal jurisdiction provisions have previously been used by investigating judges to pursue Israeli officials for war crimes in the Gaza Strip. 

They also formed the basis for a high-profile Spanish attempt in 1998 to prosecute Augusto Pinochet, the former Chilean dictator.
Stung by the repeated diplomatic and political backlash against such legal moves, Spain tightened its universal jurisdiction provisions in 2009. 

The Chinese case, however, predates that change.

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China demands clarity on Spanish Jiang Zemin arrest order

Tibetan rights groups brought the case against Jiang Zemin, Li Peng and three other Chinese officials responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, torture and terrorism against Tibetans in the 1980s and 1990s.

AFP

Chronology of major political events in Tibet since China seized control of the territory in 1950

An Ethnic Tibetan woman watches as Chinese soldiers keep watch in Chengdu, in southwest Sichuan province, on January 27, 2012

Jiang Zemin raises his hands to vote for a report at the closing of the 18th Communist Party Congress at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, on 14 November 2012

Beijing — China is demanding a "clarification" from Madrid after a Spanish court issued an international arrest warrant for former Chinese president Jiang Zemin over genocide in Tibet, Beijing said Wednesday.
Spain's National Court issued the warrant for the former head of state and Communist Party chief on Tuesday under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction, which allows courts to try some human rights abuses committed in other countries.
Tibetan rights groups brought the case against Jiang, former prime minister Li Peng and three other Chinese officials, alleging they were responsible for "genocide, crimes against humanity, torture and terrorism" against Tibetans in the 1980s and 1990s.
Beijing's foreign ministry spokesman Hong Lei said that Chinese officials had seen reports on the arrest warrant and had asked Spanish authorities for a "clarification".
Hong blamed "Tibet separatists" for using "rumours and "slander" to make "false accusations" against China.
"Such means are doomed to fail," Hong added. 

The Spanish court accepted the case because one of the plaintiffs, Tibetan exile Thubten Wangchen, has Spanish nationality, and the Chinese courts have not investigated the allegations.
It has also agreed to investigate a charge of repression in Tibet brought against China's former president Hu Jintao, who left office last year.

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The Media Kowtow

Why is the coverage of China’s government so obsequious?

By Mark Hemingway

For about a decade now, Jeff Bezos has been swallowing an ever larger percentage of my household’s income. In addition to our buying everything from dish soap to movies online, the billionaire founder of Amazon.com will no doubt be pleased to learn that my wife and I recently started receiving the Washington Post—the first newspaper subscription we’ve ordered in six years. 

When Bezos bought the Post this past summer, there was the usual handwringing over whether he harbored some surreptitious agenda, but I was optimistic. 

The flailing newspaper industry presents unique challenges, and if there’s one thing Bezos knows how to do, it’s deliver a good product at the right price.
Besides, the Washington Post desperately needs to make some changes. 

On the morning of September 25, en route to dropping my kids off at school, I grabbed the Post off the front steps. 

I pulled it out of the bag only to find it wrapped in the latest edition of China Watch. 

Apparently the Post has been carrying China Watch as a special advertising section for some time now. Underneath the masthead, in barely legible letters, it reads: “This supplement, prepared by China Daily, People’s Republic of China, did not involve the news or editorial departments of the Washington Post.” 

If you are blessedly unfamiliar with China Daily, it disseminates the news that the Communist government of China thinks is vital for Thought Leaders Inside the Beltway. 

The editors of this publication believe that life in contemporary China is full of sunshine and, better yet, business opportunities. 

This is far from an accurate portrayal, but if running headlines such as “From China with Love” is wrong, China Daily doesn’t want to be right.
For the last several years, a hugely influential portion of the American media has vacillated between openly admiring the Chinese government and providing a forum for its apologists. 

The Washington Post isn’t the worst offender, but they deserve at least a dishonorable mention for cutting out the middleman and delivering Communist Chinese propaganda straight to one’s doorstep.
As a measure of how bad the kowtowing has gotten, recall that in March 2011, the New York Times reported that President Obama had been telling those around him that “it would be so much easier to be the president of China. As one official put it, ‘No one is scrutinizing Hu Jintao’s words in Tahrir Square.’ ”

In the bowels of China’s propaganda-industrial complex, the apparatchiks must have read this and smiled: Not only did America’s decadent leader fail to speak critically of the Chinese government, he was openly envious of it. 

It seems not to have occurred to Obama that no one scrutinizes the president of China because he’s the leader of a Communist party that rules over a country of 1.3 billion people. 

In China, the government scrutinizes its critics, sometimes brutally, not the other way round.
So how could we arrive at a point where Chinese propaganda is so pervasive that even the president of the United States gets taken in? 

Well, maybe he reads the New York Times. 

Thomas Friedman, the Times’s noted purveyor of mixed metaphors and Third World taxi-driver anecdotes, is generally acknowledged as the head cheerleader for the People’s Republic in the Western media. 

Friedman had previously expressed a fantasy similar to Obama’s: for the United States “to be China for a day,” so that American leaders could “authorize the right solutions.” 

He’s gone so far as to argue that China is “led by a reasonably enlightened group of people” (even though the ruling party slaughtered as many as 50 million people in living memory and atrocities continue to this day). While praising Chinese autocracy, Friedman bemoans the supposed inability of U.S. democracy to do anything “serious to fix its structural problems: a ballooning deficit, declining educational performance, crumbling infrastructure and diminished immigration of new talent.” 

In a column suggesting that the Chinese government views the American people as gullible and stupid, Friedman mocked U.S. citizens for complaining about the invasive fondling of the Transportation Security Administration. 

Never mind that China dragoons people into labor camps for making sarcastic jokes about the government on the Chinese version of Twitter. 

Friedman has claimed that China has better phone service than the United States (vast expanses of the country don’t have electricity or running water). 

And as sure as the sun rises through the smog in the Far East, Friedman has praised China’s clean energy efforts time and again. 

Meanwhile, only about 1 percent of China’s 560 million city dwellers breathe air that would be deemed safe according to EU pollution standards.
Of course, there’s a cottage industry of commentators dedicated to complaining about Friedman. 

And it’s tempting to dismiss him as a lone bloviator, but he’s not exactly a voice in the wilderness. 

Last year the Times published a baffling op-ed from a self-described “overeducated” Ivy Leaguer who left a dead-end job to move to Beijing and teach English and, bizarrely, used the experience to appeal to the supporters of the then-popular Occupy Wall Street movement: 

"To the Occupiers and their sympathizers, I say vote — not with the ballot, but with your feet. 

"Now that your encampment has disbanded, don’t just leave Zuccotti Park: leave America. 

"For China... China wants you. 

"Job prospects [for English speakers] are abundant. 

"The effects of the Great Recession of 2008 may be felt in the United States for years, but they barely scratched China".
Maybe this was a humor column. 

It’s certainly grimly amusing to picture Occupy Wall Street sympathizers packing up en masse and heading to China. 

There they could express disgust with income inequality in America by watching Chinese peasants do things such as collect and save their own excrement to use as fertilizer in their gardens, lest they go hungry.
Of course, one of the reasons for the kid-gloves treatment of China by the American punditry is that Western visitors are largely confined to the modern cities, and never see how the vast majority of the Chinese population scrapes by. 

That’s not really a worry, though, because if you want to know how the other 99 percent live—or at least the 95 percent or so that do not belong to the Communist party—the Chinese government is eager to tell our Times-approved tour guide from Bejing what to think:
"There are problems here, of course. 

"China is a nation that unapologetically rejects Western democracy — and yet I am surprised to find that Chinese citizens and the news media have as much freedom as they do. 

"For my money, CCTV News English, a channel offered by China’s major state television broadcaster, is more fair and balanced than Fox News.
Saying “There are problems here, of course” in describing a country that has a brisk market in organs harvested from executed political prisoners might be understating things a bit.
Perhaps the overeducated columnist was unaware that, outside of whatever’s being pumped into televisions in Bejing’s English classrooms, the Chinese journalistic establishment has a unique feature known as “internal reference publications.” 

In China, the state media pump out so much propaganda that the country’s rulers found it impossible to govern effectively without accurate information. 

So the party set up its own shadow news media that are held to much more rigorous standards, and the reports they produce are not available to the general public. 

Perhaps a similar arrangement would benefit the readers of the New York Times opinion pages.
Credit where credit is due: Times readers do have an internal reference publication—it’s called the news section. 

On Christmas Day 2011, a few weeks before the Times op-ed columnist suggested that economically frustrated Americans should regard China as a giant temp agency with exotic food, the following story appeared in the news pages:
China’s state-run media have had a field day this autumn with Occupy Wall Street, spinning an almost daily morality play about capitalism gone amok and an American government unable or unwilling to aid the victims of a rapacious elite. 

Occupy Wukan is another matter entirely. 

The state press has been all but mute on why 13,000 Chinese citizens, furious over repeated rip-offs by their village elite, sent their leaders fleeing to safety and repulsed efforts by the police to retake Wukan. 

But the village takeover can be ignored only at Beijing’s peril: There are at least 625,000 potential Wukans across China, all small, locally run villages that frequently suffer the sorts of injustices that prompted the outburst this month in Wukan.
Indeed, once you venture away from the opinion pages, the Times’s reporting on China is pretty good. 

This is not just the situation at the Times, either. 

It’s generally true that while oppression and human rights abuses remain undercovered by pundits and talking heads, the correspondents concerned with who, what, where, and when are giving a far more reliable and accurate assessment of China.
This disconnect reflects the fact that the pundits at the top of the media food chain regurgitate a consensus among political elites who are either in denial or actively covering up the human rights horrors of modern-day China.
The problem of China and Western intellectuals is hardly new. 

“Four hundred years ago, when Italian and French Jesuits went to China, they saw all that was trivial and missed all that was essential,” writes French author Guy Sorman in Empire of Lies: The Truth About China in the Twenty-First Century. 

“In Les Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, a 1702 bestseller written by French Jesuits, the Chinese people were portrayed as an amorphous superstitious mass, whereas the Confucian mandarins were deemed by our great travelers to be delightful men of letters. So deep was the imprint they left on the Enlightenment philosophers, Leibniz and Voltaire in particular, that Voltaire lived in the hope of Europe being ruled by an enlightened despot and enjoying a godless morality.”
If the mystique that China is culturally ill-suited for democracy can rook the guy who helped invent differential calculus, Tom Friedman has to be a comparatively easy mark. 

But unlike today’s amateur Sinologists, Leibniz and Voltaire weren’t around to watch a group of supposedly enlightened mandarins turn their country into a giant graveyard, as Mao and his acolytes did.
For much of that time, the Cold War provided at least a fig leaf of justification for ignoring horrific events such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. 

Engagement with China by the West was seen almost exclusively through the lens of containing the Soviets. The human costs of looking the other way regarding China’s misdeeds could be balanced against the potential costs of failing to counterbalance the Soviets in Asia.
But 40 years later in a different geopolitical context, the image of Nixon and Kissinger going to China and winning over the inscrutable Maoists has been fetishized as the platonic ideal of foreign policy genius. 

Thus the odd legacy of undue reverence surrounding U.S.-China relations. 

One telling example of this is that the China specialists in our foreign policy-industrial complex are known as “China hands.” 

If you opened a newspaper and read of official concern that “Norwegian hands will be displeased with the Export-Import Bank’s decision,” you’d laugh yourself silly at the notion of a body of experts on Norway whose opinion must be heeded. 

But with the China hands, we’re expected to acknowledge that the country’s complexities are beyond the understanding of all but a select few and to follow their lead in obfuscating the Chinese government’s oppression and cruelty.
James Mann, the Los Angeles Times’s former Beijing bureau chief, was so bothered by this state of affairs that a few years ago he wrote The China Fantasy: How Our Leaders Explain Away Chinese Repression.

The book is a taxonomy of all the transparently misleading buzz words, tropes, and justifications that brought us to the point where we “assume repression as a baseline,” says Mann. 

The argument is skillfully presented and damning, which perhaps explains its lack of impact. 

The book has, however, made navigating the sidewalks of Washington, D.C., a little easier for Mann. 

“There are now people that cross the street when they see me,” he says.
Perhaps the most frustrating thing about the pervasively optimistic view of modern-day China is that most of us can remember the brief-but-revelatory moment when there was widespread clarity about the essential nature of the regime. 

Tanks rolled into Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. 

The world watched as the People’s Liberation Army fired indiscriminately into a crowd of unarmed protesters. 

Rickshaws carried away body after body, but still thousands refused to leave. 

The government eventually succeeded in clearing and blockading the square, in part by entering the crowd with tanks and crushing people under the treads. 

When protesters tried to reenter the area on June 5, many were shot in the back as they were driven away. 

Later that same day, one brave man stood alone in the middle of Beijing’s Chang’an Boulevard, bringing a line of tanks to a complete stop, and the image almost instantly became part of the iconography of freedom.

Throughout most of the 1980s, economic liberalization in China had been encouraged. 

But with Tiananmen Square, the fiction that China was on its way to transforming into something other than a party-run state evaporated. 

Network news devoted 25 percent of its airtime for 20 days to the situation in China. 

American political leaders were unanimous in their disapproval, filling the Congressional Record with 3,000 pages of condemnation.
Then in a rather tragic bit of irony, the protesters in Tiananmen Square found interest in their cause overtaken by the failure of communism elsewhere. 

In August, Poland acquired the first noncommunist government in the East Bloc. 

In September, massive protests broke out in East Germany, the beginning of the end for the Soviet Union and its empire. 

The courageous Chinese democracy activists probably even played a role in bringing down the Iron Curtain, though they rarely get credit for it. 

When the kommissars in East Germany began debating whether to violently put down the gathering crowds at the Berlin Wall, no doubt the swift and universal condemnation of the Tiananmen Square crackdown a few months earlier weighed on their minds. 

The Berlin Wall came down on November 9.
The Bush administration was soon preoccupied with the unwinding of the Soviet empire, and China took a backseat. 

In his book Ideal Illusions: How the U.S. Government Co-Opted Human Rights, James Peck lays out a disturbing narrative showing how quickly concerns about China dissipated following Tiananmen Square. 

He quotes Douglas Paal, a China specialist on the Bush administration’s National Security Council staff: “We were not interested in adding China to the list of basket cases. We had no interest in pushing them over the edge.” 

Still, Tiananmen Square was not completely forgotten by Congress. 

The Bush administration had extended Most Favored Nation status to China, and Democrats twice proposed legislation that would tie China’s trade benefits to improvements in human rights. 

Both bills attracted significant support from Republicans, and both were vetoed by Bush.
But to the extent there was bipartisan agreement about China’s human rights abuses, that comity was definitively wrecked by Bill Clinton. 

As a candidate, Clinton had attacked Bush for not supporting the human rights legislation and decried the “bloody butchers of Beijing.” 

In his 1992 acceptance speech at the Democratic convention, Clinton promised “an America that will not coddle tyrants, from Baghdad to Beijing.”
Once president, though, he found that China’s cheap labor force and huge consumer market were of increasing importance to American business.

Clinton initially convinced Democratic leaders to shelve their China legislation by promising an executive order to link trade and human rights. 

The order was revoked within a year as business interests grew skittish over the looming deadline. 

In the early 1990s, the U.S. government had regularly issued statements in defense of Chinese dissidents. 

By the end of Clinton’s presidency, the practice had been curbed substantially.
U.S. rhetoric turned positively triumphal, as if Communist China would be swept away any day now. 

The Congressional Record was no longer full of denunciations of Chinese human rights abuses, but assurances that continued economic engagement would usher in a free China. 

Naturally, Clinton was a major proponent of this argument. 

In 1997, he told Jiang Zemin, “You’re on the wrong side of history,” confident that economic engagement would “increase the spirit of liberty over time... just as inevitably as the Berlin Wall fell.”
By 1999, there was already almost no daylight on China between Clinton and soon-to-be President George W. Bush. 

“The case for trade is not just monetary, but moral,” Bush said in one of his first foreign policy speeches. “Economic freedom creates habits of liberty. And habits of liberty create expectations of democracy.” 

He added, “Trade freely with China, and time is on our side.”
But 24 years after Tiananmen Square and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Communist party in China is still thriving. 

It looks increasingly like China isn’t necessarily on the wrong side of history, so much as critics of China are on the wrong side of the American business and foreign policy establishment.
There’s a strong case to be made in favor of economic engagement with China. 

To the extent that China has awkwardly embraced capitalism in the last 30 years or so, economic conditions have undeniably improved as a result. 

In a country with a billion people whose living standards are deplorable, that’s not something to dismiss lightly. 

But at the very least this progress must be weighed against the high cost of American business interests going out of their way to silence criticism of China’s human rights record in order to curry favor with the Chinese government.
When America’s post-Tiananmen China policy was being hashed out, the rapid emergence of the Internet was frequently cited as a reason for optimism about China. 

Not only would the Chinese government no longer be able to control the free flow of information within their borders—American technology companies would get rich selling them technology that would ultimately be the Communists’ undoing. 

In 2000, Senator Kent Conrad argued for “increas[ing] the presence of American and other Western firms in China. It will open China to the Internet and other advanced telecommunications technologies that, over time, will expose average Chinese to our thoughts, values, and ideals on human rights, workers’ rights, and democracy.”
This Internet-fueled optimism about China still runs rampant.

But so far there’s little reason to think the Internet will be the country’s salvation. 

The government claims it employs some two million people to monitor and censor the Internet, and goes to extraordinary lengths to make sure that the Great Firewall remains intact.

In 2006, Chinese government agents broke into the home of Yuan Li, a Falun Gong practitioner who helps Chinese dissidents circumvent the government’s Internet controls, and beat him. 

They stole his computers, cell phone, hard drive, and briefcase. 

This is business as usual in China, but the Princeton-educated Li happened to live in Atlanta.
Meanwhile, not only does it appear American technology companies have done little if anything to help the Chinese people—in some cases they’ve actively aided government oppression. 

In September 2005, Hunan journalist Shi Tao was sentenced to 10 years in prison for sending the Chinese Propaganda Department’s directives to a website that advocates democracy. 

Specifically, it was a memo warning journalists not to publish anything relating to Chinese dissidents marking the 15th anniversary of Tiananmen Square. 

It emerged that Shi Tao had sent the directives using a Yahoo email address, and that Yahoo ceded to the demands of Chinese police and revealed his identity. 

When Yahoo’s CEO was asked about his company’s complicity, he responded, “We respect the customs of the countries where we do business.”
And indeed, Yahoo’s doing a lot of business in China. 

Thanks to its respect for China’s customary repression of free speech, less than a year after Shi Tao was arrested, the Chinese government allowed the company to purchase a hefty stake in the Chinese e-commerce site Alibaba, known as the “Amazon.com of China.” 

To celebrate the purchase, Yahoo threw an expensive party. 

The guest of honor was none other than Bill Clinton.
The former president was surely aware of Yahoo’s collusion in the arrest of Shi Tao, which had made international news, but he chose not to exercise any moral leadership in defense of the imprisoned journalist. In 2011, Yahoo donated $50,000 to Clinton’s foundation and webcast the foundation’s benefit concert, “A Decade of Difference: A Concert Celebrating 10 Years of the William J. Clinton Foundation,” featuring Lady Gaga, Usher, Kenny Chesney, and Bono. 

As for Yahoo, it still owns about a quarter of Alibaba. 

The company is expected to file an IPO next year valuing Alibaba at as much as $100 billion, which should prove extremely profitable for Yahoo.
Yahoo is far from alone. 

U.S. business leaders have been less than subtle in their attempts to encourage the political establishment to espouse pro-business positions, even when they conflict with human rights concerns. 

Insurance magnate Maurice “Hank” Greenberg, who oversees the multibillion-dollar C. V. Starr Foundation, has a history of being involved with and funding many of the biggest institutions in Washington’s foreign policy establishment—including the Council on Foreign Relations, the Nixon Center, and the Brookings Institution.
In 2000, the Washington Post reported that Greenberg wrote a letter threatening to cut funding to the Heritage Foundation—the Starr Foundation had given the conservative think tank at least $100,000 a year during the previous decade—over a report Heritage had produced that questioned the rush to lower trade barriers with China. 

“It is critical that Congress not allow the [Clinton] administration’s haste in this matter to hinder its own consideration of other priority interests with China, such as national security and human rights,” read the report. 

The Washington Post dryly noted Greenberg’s firm “would benefit from a trade deal with China.”
Greenberg is no longer as active in the business world. 

He stepped down from running American International Group (AIG) in 2005. 

But he still heads the influential Starr Foundation, and his opinions of China do not appear to have softened. Mann observes that Greenberg “has repeatedly belittled the idea that the United States government should give emphasis to human rights or democracy in its policy toward China.” 

In 2007, he wrote in the National Interest, “The histories and cultures of countries are vastly different, so it is unrealistic to expect China to have a political system that parallels any other.” 

It’s also unrealistic to expect Chinese political culture to change when foreign governments and businesses take Beijing’s side as it oppresses beleaguered dissidents.
Of course, whitewashing China’s abuses of power isn’t just about money. Some people do these things for free. 

There are still plenty of ideologues willing to rationalize the failure of communism or deny it outright.
If you want a near-perfect mélange of all the credulous pieties tossed around whenever China is discussed, it would be hard to top Andy Stern’s December 2011 op-ed for the Wall Street Journal. 

Stern is the former head of the Service Employees International Union, arguably America’s most politically influential union. 

After driving the SEIU deep into debt and spending $80 million on Democratic campaigns in 2008, Stern was the second-most frequent visitor to the White House during Barack Obama’s first year in office behind then-SEIU treasurer Anna Burger. 

It would be hard to find a better weather vane than Stern for what the American left thinks about any given topic.
To witness China’s “people-oriented devlopment,” Stern made a short visit to Chongqing, “a city of 32 million in Western China, which is led by an aggressive and popular Communist Party leader” (i.e., the now-imprisoned Bo Xilai). 

He was impressed enough to write an op-ed titled “China’s Superior Economic Model.” 

Suffice it to say, Stern is easily impressed:
"Last month, the China Daily quoted Orville Schell, who directs the Center on U.S.-China Relations at the Asia Society, as saying: “I think we have come to realize the ability to plan is exactly what is missing in America.” 

"The article also noted that Robert Engle, who won a Nobel Prize in 2003 for economics, has said that while China is making five-year plans for the next generation, Americans are planning only for the next election... .

The conservative-preferred, free-market fundamentalist, shareholder-only model—so successful in the 20th century—is being thrown onto the trash heap of history in the 21st century. 

In an era when countries need to become economic teams, Team USA’s results—a jobless decade, 30 years of flat median wages, a trade deficit, a shrinking middle class and phenomenal gains in wealth but only for the top 1%—are pathetic.
So there you have it—one of America’s best-known labor leaders approvingly cites an official propaganda outlet of the Chinese government, which in turn cites a famous “China hand” lamenting America’s unwillingness to centrally plan our economy. 

Stern then trots out the Occupy Wall Street talking points. 

For reasons both obvious and dishonest, he doesn’t bother explicitly discussing how America stacks up to China when it comes to income inequality and other economic benchmarks. 

Stern rounds out his op-ed by quoting an American executive with substantial business interests in China—Intel chairman Andy Grove—praising government economic planning and making an explicit reference to Thomas Friedman’s bestseller The World Is Flat.
But while the Chinese government may tell gullible foreigners that it values “people-oriented development,” the people themselves tell a different story. 

Like most Americans, Stern probably isn’t familiar with Wei Jingsheng, even though he might be China’s best-known dissident. 

Wei’s story is recounted in Sorman’s Empire of Lies. 

As a teenager, Wei traveled across China as part of the Red Guard and was deeply and permanently affected by the poverty he encountered. 

As an adult, Wei flouted authorities by living with a Tibetan girl—at the time, Chinese marriages had to be sanctioned by the workplace. 

When Wei was 29 years old in 1978, Deng Xiaoping was trying to drum up support for his economic modernization plans and asked supporters to put up posters on a wall in Xidan. 

Wei decided to put up a poster in support of “political modernization.”
“History shows that there must be a limit to the power conferred on any one individual. Those who ask for the unreserved trust of the people are consumed by unrestrained ambition,” read Wei’s poster. 

“We must choose people whom we can trust and, more importantly, make them accountable to ensure that the will of the majority is carried out. We can only trust such representatives as those we elect ourselves and who are accountable to us.”
Not only did Wei publicly call for democracy, he signed his name at the bottom of his poster. 

Soon people were gathering around the wall in Xidan every day, and his poster was being read out loud to the crowds. 

Deng had the wall razed and Wei arrested. 

As a result of his newfound notoriety, Wei had given an interview to a foreign journalist. 

That was enough to accuse him of selling state secrets. 

Wei was convicted and sentenced to 15 years in a labor camp. 

We know Wei’s conviction was a sham because a courageous journalist — Liu Qing — smuggled out an audio recording of the trial. 

For that, Qing earned his own 10-year stint in prison.
By all accounts, the conditions in China’s so-called laogai facilities are horrific. 

Wei was not a cooperative prisoner. 

“I was happier than [my jailers] because I lived out my conviction, whereas the others just did what they were told,” he told Sorman. 

Still, Wei suffered greatly—among other things, he lost all his teeth from malnutrition. 

But even after serving out his 15-year sentence, Wei decided he was not done sending a message to the government. 

Here’s the part of the story where Andy Stern might want to pay attention: Wei was arrested again and sent back to a labor camp for the crime of trying to form a union.
After nearly 18 years, the Chinese government realized they weren’t going to break Wei, and he’s now been exiled to the United States. 

Looking back on his experience, Wei told Sorman, “At that time, I hadn’t read Western philosophers like Montesquieu or John Locke; but I was sufficiently informed to know that democracy was better than communism.” 

It’s more than a little troubling to reflect on how many influential Americans can’t say the same.
Stern’s left-wing politics aside, there was another disconcerting aspect of his op-ed: “I was part of a U.S.-China dialogue,” he explained, “a trip organized by the China-United States Exchange Foundation and the Center for American Progress—with high-ranking Chinese government officials, both past and present.”
Owing to its close association with the Obama administration, the Center for American Progress has emerged as the most influential liberal think tank in the country. 

The China-United States Exchange Foundation, which was established in 2008, is a more curious organization. 

The chairman is Tung Chee Hwa, who following Hong Kong’s transfer of sovereignty in 1997 became the titular head of the newly minted Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. 

As chief executive and president of the executive council of Hong Kong, Tung Chee Hwa was not exactly beloved—in 2003, 500,000 protesters took to the streets of Hong Kong demanding his resignation. 

He resigned in 2005 before finishing his second term. 

While Tung Chee Hwa was technically an elected official, his family owes its incredibly successful shipping business to its close relationship with the Chinese government. 

A quick perusal of the other Chinese leaders involved in the organization reveals a great many ties to the Chinese government.
Stern’s op-ed was not the first time this alliance between America’s institutional left and the Chinese government resulted in favorable press. 

In the years before Stern’s trip to China, junkets sponsored by the China-United States Exchange Foundation and the Center for American Progress brought a slew of young liberal pundits to China. 

The resulting spate of publicity had to be read to be believed, or in this case, not believed. 

The New Republic filed dispatches about China building an “eco-utopia.” 

MSNBC host Chris Hayes’s article in the Nation appeared, with no apparent sense of irony, under the headline: “The Great Leap.”
But for sheer credulousness, it would be hard to top the dispatch from the Washington Post’s Ezra Klein. 

As part of his trip in May 2010, Klein and his fellow junketeers were brought to a new condo development on the outskirts of the city of Dalian. 

The condo development was built on the site of an existing village, so Klein asked what had happened to those who previously inhabited the land where the new condos now stood:
The obvious question with this sort of rapid development is what happens to the people who had the shack that sat on the land where the government wanted to put condos? 

The answer, at least in Dalian, was that they bought the previous inhabitants off. 

A conversation with some residents revealed that they didn’t just get one free apartment in the new building. 

They got four free apartments, three of which they were now renting out. 

And medical coverage. And money for furnishings. And a food stipend. And—I’m not kidding, by the way—birthday cakes on their birthdays.

Sweet deal. 
Now, the fact of the matter is that many of the massive development projects in China are enabled by forced relocation and seizure of property—the Chinese government displaced some 1.5 million people just to build the facilities used to host the 2008 Olympics. 

Even if the details Klein reported were true of the particular development he toured, living conditions in China are decidedly not a “sweet deal.” 

There are dozens of villages in China where AIDS infection rates top 70 percent. 

That’s because the government denied the existence of the disease for years, while an underground blood donor trade flourished among poor Chinese who were desperate to earn extra money to pay off the country’s corrupt tax collectors and one-child policy enforcers. 

But villages like that were not part of the tour. 

Instead, Klein and his fellow travelers were taken to a condo development, and left believing the Chinese government gives people medical care, housing, rental properties, and—no kidding—birthday cakes.
Clearly, more skepticism of Chinese authorities is in order. 

The opening of China’s economy may have done a lot to improve living standards, but despite what you may have read, there’s little evidence this automatically correlates with more political liberty. 

One place the money has gone is into a surge in public security spending, which comes as so-called mass incidents, everything from strikes to riots and demonstrations, are on the rise. 

There were at least 180,000 such incidents in 2010, twice as many as in 2006, Sun Liping, a professor of sociology at Beijing’s Tsinghua University, said in a February 25 article in the Economic Observer.
As bad as that sounds, the good news is that there’s plenty of evidence to suggest China is responsive to global opinion and can be nudged in the right direction. 

It was international outrage that caused China to finally admit it had an AIDS epidemic. 

It was international pressure that saved many of its famous dissidents, such as Wei Jingsheng. 

Most recently, the Chinese government grudgingly allowed Chen Guangcheng, the blind lawyer who fought to protect thousands of Chinese women from the horrors of forced abortion, to travel to the United States last year after his escape from house arrest. 

The Chinese government was also forced by global denunciations to release celebrated artist and social critic Ai Weiwei after his 2011 arrest.
Despite these success stories, the China debate is still largely governed by those who insist that applying too much political pressure will undermine China’s economic progress. 

But Dan Blumenthal, a member of the congressional United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission and one of the few China experts in Washington who makes a genuine effort to be appropriately critical, observes that economic progress actually makes the Chinese government more susceptible to international political pressure.
“The growing middle and upper classes want to be accepted by the West and thought of as cosmopolitan and law-abiding,” he writes. 

“There is an increasing divergence between the parochial party cadre who run China’s government and the country’s vibrant populace. But the Communist Party is... beholden to a more cosmopolitan elite who are embarrassed by their leadership’s policies. This development is one lesson of Ai Weiwei’s release.”
Unfortunately, just as the opportunity to apply additional pressure on China is presenting itself, influential American opinion shapers, ranging from Yahoo to the Washington Post, increasingly have vested interests in appeasing the Chinese government. 

But the cause of a free China is a worthy one, and a good first step toward achieving it is to build a consensus that it’s unacceptable for major media outlets to routinely insist on the glories of China’s leadership.
Perhaps the only way to do that is to confront those at the very top of the media food chain. 

Somebody’s going to have to start somewhere, and Jeff Bezos assumed control of the Washington Post on October 1. 

Maybe the threat of losing one newspaper subscription doesn’t mean much to a guy who’s worth $27 billion, but I don’t think demanding that the Washington Post stop taking money from the Chinese government and distributing its propaganda is too much to ask.

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A wave of repression in China

The Washington Post

A CHINESE blogger named Wu Dong became an Internet star last year by tracking and reporting on the luxury watches worn by the country’s senior officials. 

One of the Communist Party bosses he singled out was arrested and sentenced to prison this month. 

But Mr. Wu himself was reported to be under arrest Tuesday — the latest victim in a mounting crackdown by China’s new leaders on those who advocate political reform or speak out on social media.
Xi Jinping, who took over as party chief last November, has tried to bolster his popularity by waging a campaign against corruption and adopting some of the rhetoric of Maoist leftists. 

But as a slowdown in growth exposes deep-rooted problems with China’s economic model, the new leader increasingly is turning to repression to silence real and potential opponents. 

Human rights groups say more than 50 activists have been jailed since Mr. Xi assumed the presidency in March, including businessmen, academics and journalists.
Many are people whom Mr. Xi could and should have regarded as allies in an effort to open the political system. 

One is Wang Gongquan, a well-known businessman and member of the New Citizens Movement, a campaign to promote the rule of law and citizens’ rights. 

He was arrested Friday and charged with “organizing a mob to disturb public order” — which is the regime’s way of describing a small demonstration in Beijing that called for senior officials to disclose their assets. 

Mr. Wang was the third leader of the New Citizens Movement to be arrested since July, including founder Xu Zhiyong.
Authorities are, meanwhile, engaged in a campaign to stifle free speech on the Internet. 

A judicial ruling last week stipulated that bloggers could be sentenced to three years in prison for “spreading rumors” if their reports are reposted more than 500 times or viewed by more than 5,000 people. 

On Sunday, state television broadcast a chilling video of a Chinese American businessman renouncing postings on the Chinese version of Twitter that had gained him 12 million followers. 

The blogger, Charles Xue, was arrested on charges of soliciting a prostitute; his meek confession and self-criticism echoed the public humiliation of intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution.
The wave of repression is counterproductive in more ways than one. 

In addition to advocating incremental and peaceful reforms to the political system, the activists being targeted have been instrumental in calling attention to corruption and other abuses the Communist Party must address to avoid more serious unrest. 

It’s not just luxury watches: microbloggers have helped to force action on food safety and air pollution, among other issues.
Mr. Xi’s turn to repression has gone almost entirely unremarked upon by the Obama administration, which has concentrated on cultivating relations with the new leader. 

This, too, is shortsighted. 

It’s in the interest of the United States that China continue on a path of stable development, and intensified repression is more likely to crack open an increasingly restless society than to contain it. 

As Mr. Wang told The Post’s Simon Denyer recently, “If the government does not open society, it will cause more hurt and more violence, which is not in the government’s interest, either.” 

President Obama should be making that point to Mr. Xi — and letting the country’s reformers know the United States is on their side.

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